A smartphone-powered photoelectrochemical POCT via Z-scheme Cu2O/Cu3SnS4 for dibutyl phthalate in the environmental and food

As a major hazardous additive released from microplastics and nanoplastics, identifying dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in complex matrices attracts a growing concern in environmental monitoring and food safety. For the first time, Cu2O/Cu3SnS4 nanoflower is prepared and serves as the photoactive material which can be constructed as a smartphone-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) point-of-care test (POCT). Effectively matching energy levels between Cu2O and Cu3SnS4 accelerated the transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, significantly improving the intelligent PEC POCT performance. The novel Cu2O/Cu3SnS4 has proven to be the Z-scheme heterojunction by density functional theory calculation. A competitive immunoassay has been realized on a Cu2O/Cu3SnS4 modified electrode, dramatically decreasing the photocurrent signal and enhancing POCT sensitivity. The smartphone has been used to record and transfer PEC results. Under optimal conditions, the PEC POCT exhibited a satisfying linear range (0.04–400 ng/mL) and a low detection limit of 7.94 pg/mL in real samples, together with excellent stability, repeatability, reproducibility and selectivity. The PEC POCT system provides good performance and practicability in determining DBP in water and edible oil samples. This proposal provides a practical strategy for the intelligent POCT for environment monitoring and food safety.