Antimicrobial-loaded biodegradable nanoemulsions for efficient clearance of intracellular pathogens in bacterial peritonitis

细胞内 抗菌剂 微生物学 细胞内寄生虫 细菌 抗生素 腹膜炎 自发性细菌性腹膜炎 生物 医学 生物化学 遗传学 胃肠病学 腹水
作者
Jessa Marie Makabenta,Ahmed Nabawy,Aritra Nath Chattopadhyay,Jungmi Park,C. Li,Ritabrita Goswami,David C. Luther,Rui Huang,Maryam Hassan,Vincent Rotello
出处
期刊:Biomaterials [Elsevier]
卷期号:302: 122344-122344
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122344
摘要

Intracellular pathogenic bacteria use immune cells as hosts for bacterial replication and reinfection, leading to challenging systemic infections including peritonitis. The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and the added barrier presented by host cell internalization limit the efficacy of standard antibiotic therapies for treating intracellular infections. We present a non-antibiotic strategy to treat intracellular infections. Antimicrobial phytochemicals were stabilized and delivered by polymer-stabilized biodegradable nanoemulsions (BNEs). BNEs were fabricated using different phytochemicals, with eugenol-loaded BNEs (E-BNEs) affording the best combination of antimicrobial efficacy, macrophage accumulation, and biocompatibility. The positively-charged polymer groups of the E-BNEs bind to the cell surface of macrophages, facilitating the entry of eugenol that then kills the intracellular bacteria without harming the host cells. Confocal imaging and flow cytometry confirmed that this entry occurred mainly via cholesterol-dependent membrane fusion. As eugenol co-localized and interacted with intracellular bacteria, antibacterial efficacy was maintained. E-BNEs reversed the immunosuppressive effects of MRSA on macrophages. Notably, E-BNEs did not elicit resistance selection after multiple exposures of MRSA to sub-therapeutic doses. The E-BNEs were highly effective against a murine model of MRSA-induced peritonitis with better bacterial clearance (99 % bacteria reduction) compared to clinically-employed treatment with vancomycin. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of E-BNEs in treating peritonitis and other refractory intracellular infections.
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