From pre-clinical efficacy to promising clinical trials that delay Type 1 diabetes

Recent advancements in immunology and islet biology have unveiled remarkable prospects for the postponement of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) through the strategic modulation of the immune system. In this Perspective, we discuss the pharmaceutical strides achieved, traversing from pre-clinical validation to the execution of impactful clinical trials. We begin with the initial investigations involving cyclosporine and glucocorticoids in rodent models, such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which guided early clinical trials. We then discuss the pre-clinical studies using suitable mouse models that eventually led to contemporary clinical trials targeting immune cell functionality and cytokine signaling pathways. Collectively, these discoveries promote the exciting paradigm of immune system modulation to mitigate autoimmunity, which continues to broaden. Notably, the use of baricitinib, a potent JAK1/2 inhibitor, and teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, represent discrete methodologies converging upon a singular outcome: the preservation of islet beta-cell functionality. The latter interventional strategies build on the original idea that tempering specific facets of the immune system will generate therapeutic benefit. Enthusiasm from these discoveries stems from efficacy with reduced side effects when compared with past approaches. The success of therapeutic intervention(s) in pre-clinical studies, combined with knowledge about stages of progression to clinical T1D, have ultimately encouraged the design of more successful clinical trials targeting highly specific populations at risk. Collectively, these findings instill a profound sense of optimism, suggesting that the prevention and even reversal of T1D may soon be within reach.