Crystallinity-driven ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of hydrothermally synthesized zinc stannate: exploring the substantial role of mineralizer NaOH

Hydrothermally synthesized polycrystalline ZnSnO₃ at 0 M mineralizer changes to single-crystalline at 0.25 M. At 0 M, Sn⁴⁺ ions dominate, causing lossy ferroelectric behavior, while 0.25 M stabilizes Zn²⁺ ions, resulting ideal ferroelectricity.