Stabilizing the Nanostructure of SnO2 Anodes by Transition Metals: A Route to Achieve High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Stable Capacities for Lithium Storage

To dramatically stabilize the nanostructure of Sn and achieve ultrahigh reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO2 , a series of SnO2 -transition metal-graphite ternary nanocomposites are produced by ball milling, demonstrating high initial Coulombic efficiencies up to 88.6%, high reversible capacity (>700 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 ), and ultralong cycling life (90.3% of capacity retention after 1300 cycles).