All Organic Interface Layer Formed from Vinylene Carbonate and Stable Plating of Lithium Metal

Prevailing demand for lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density draws more researcher's attentions on the use of lithium metal as the anode material. An order of magnitude higher specific capacity and much lower reduction potential of lithium metal compared to graphite makes lithium metal suitable anode for the next-generation lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries. However, nonuniform plating or dendrite formation of lithium metal is a major issue for shorting batteries. Stable interface between lithium metal and electrolyte is the key to the uniform growth of lithium. Vinylene carbonate (VC) is a widely used additive in commercial electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, and the effect of VC on stabilizing lithium metal has been reported. VC is proposed to polymerize on lithium surface to form flexible thin coating layer, which regulates the lithium-ion flux at the interface and put a mechanical pressure on the growing lithium dendrite. The interface layer is composed of multiple decomposition products from organic solvents and fluorinated salt and extremely complex to analyze. Here we propose a gel electrolyte composed of vinylene carbonate and lithium iodide (LiI) to form polymer coating layer on the lithium surface. FTIR, NMR, and GC-FID analysis confirm polymerization of vinylene carbonate is triggered by lithium iodide through decarboxylation and forms poly(vinylene catbonate). Because iodide is electrochemically irreducible anion, no decomposition occurs on the lithium surface and simplifies the interface composition. Without the formation of inorganic compounds in VC-LiI gel electrolyte, Li//Li symmetric cell cycles for 1000 hours at 1 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2 , with a practical electrolyte thickness of 25 μm (separator free). Coulombic efficiency of lithium plating/stripping in VC-LiI gel electrolyte is 98.6%, which is significantly higher than conventional carbonate-based electrolyte. Cross-sectional SEM image of cycled lithium metal reveals dense polymer coating and dendrite free morphology. Therefore, the simple all-organic interface, differing from conventional heterogeneous inorganic/organic mixture, can stabilize the lithium surface. We present a new perspective on the design of electrolyte and lithium interface.