Association of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act With Insurance Coverage for Head and Neck Cancer in the SEER Database

Importance

Patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) are often uninsured or underinsured at the time of their diagnosis. This access to care has been shown to influence treatment decisions and survival outcomes.

Objective

To examine the association of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) health care legislation with rates of insurance coverage and access to care among patients with HNSCC.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Prospectively gathered data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were used to examine rates of insurance coverage and access to care among 89 038 patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC from January 2007 to December 2014. Rates of insurance were compared between states that elected to expand Medicaid coverage in 2014 and states that opted out of the expansion. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2014.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Rates of insurance coverage and disease-specific and overall survival.

Results

Among 89 038 patients newly diagnosed with HNSCC (29 384 women and 59 654 men; mean [SD] age, 59.8 [7.6] years), there was an increase after implementation of the ACA in the percentage of patients enrolled in Medicaid (16.2% after vs 14.8% before; difference, 1.4%; 95% CI, 1.1%-1.7%) and private insurance (80.7% after vs 78.9% before; difference, 1.8%; 95% CI, 1.2%-2.4%). In addition, there was a large decrease in the rate of uninsured patients after implementation of the ACA (3.0% after vs 6.2% before; difference, 3.2%; 95% CI, 2.9%-3.5%). This decrease in the rate of uninsured patients and the associated increases in Medicaid and private insurance coverage were only different in the states that adopted the Medicaid expansion in 2014. No survival data are available after implementation of the ACA, but prior to that point, from 2007 to 2013, uninsured patients had reduced 5-year overall survival (48.5% vs 62.5%; difference, 14.0%; 95% CI, 12.8%-15.2%) and 5-year disease-specific survival compared with insured patients (56.6% vs 72.2%; difference, 15.6%; 95% CI, 14.0%-17.2%).

Conclusions and Relevance

Access to health care for patients with HNSCC was improved after implementation of the ACA, with an increase in rates of both Medicaid and private insurance and a 2-fold decrease in the rate of uninsured patients. These outcomes were demonstrated only in states that adopted the Medicaid expansion in 2014. Uninsured patients had poorer survival outcomes.