Vitamin D receptor enhances NLRC4 inflammasome activation by promoting NAIPs–NLRC4 association

Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that initiate host defense against bacterial pathogens. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family caspase-associated recruitment domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes plays a critical role in the inflammatory response against intracellular bacterial infection. The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) detect Flagellin or type III secretion system (T3SS) microbial components to activate NLRC4 inflammasome. However, the underlying mechanism of NLRC4 inflammasome activation is not completely understood. Here, we show that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an essential immunological regulator of the NLRC4 inflammasome. Conditional VDR knockout mice (VDRflox/flox lyz2-Cre) exhibited impaired clearance of pathogens after acute Salmonella Typhimurium infection leading to poor survival. In macrophages, VDR deficiency reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion upon S. Typhimurium infection. For NAIPs act as upstream sensors for NLRC4 inflammasome assembly, the further study demonstrated that VDR promoted the NAIP-NLRC4 association and triggered NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome activation, not NLRP3 activation. Moreover, Lys123 residue of VDR is identified as the critical amino acid for VDR-NLRC4 interaction, and the mutant VDR (K123A) effectively attenuates the NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Together, our findings suggest that VDR is a critical regulator of NAIPs-NLRC4 inflammasome activation, mediating innate immunity against bacterial infection.