Spinal Cord Stimulation

The efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for treating chronic pain has encouraged the development of a wide variety of different technologies for stimulation. In this review, the authors first discuss how parameters of stimulation determine the stimulation waveform. They then discuss new stimulation waveforms, including high frequency and burst stimulation, and the evidence supporting their use. Finally, the authors turn to emerging technologies and techniques including dorsal root ganglion stimulation, wireless stimulation, and closed-loop stimulation.