Strong coupling in two-dimensional materials-based nanostructures: a review

Abstract Strong interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter leads to the formation of hybrid light-matter states, making a system’s absorption and emission properties distinctively different from that at the uncoupled states. For instance, strong coupling between cavity photons and quantum emitters results in the emergence of Rabi splitting andnew polaritonic eigenmodes, exhibiting characteristic spectral anticrossing and ultrafast energy exchange. There has recnetly been a rapidly increasing number of studies focusing on strong coupling between photonic nanostructures and two-dimensional materials (2DMs), demonstrating exceptional nanoscale optical properties and applications. Here, we review the recent advances and important developments of strong light-matter interactions in hybrid photonic systems based on 2DMs, including graphene, black phosphorus, and transition-metal dichalcogenides. We adopt the coupled oscillator model to describe the strong coupling phenomena and give an overview of three classes of 2DMs-based nanostructures realizing this regime. Following this, we discuss potential applications that can benefit from strong coupling induced effects and conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field.