Smart communities - Design of integrated energy packages considering incentive integrated demand response and optimization of coupled electricity-gas-cooling-heat and hydrogen systems

This study aims to design integrated energy service packages with incentive demand responses (DR) for smart community users. Furthermore, given the role of hydrogen energy in multi-energy coupling (hydrogen-electricity, hydrogen-heat, and hydrogen-gas), this study thoroughly explores the multiple roles of hydrogen in an integrated energy system (IES). The carbon cost is embedded in the objective of the two-layer optimization model. The overall benefits of the different technical routes of (1) no energy storage (2) lithium battery (LB) (3) hydrogen production (HP), storage (HS), and waste heat recovery (WHR) (4) HP, HS, fuel cell (FC) and WHR (5) LB, HP, HS and WHR are compared. The results show that route (4) has better environmental benefits, route (5) has the best energy benefits, and route (3) has the highest net profit. DR has economic-energy-environmental advantages.