Lightweight Calcium–Silicate–Hydrate Nacre with High Strength and High Toughness

Low flexural strength and toughness have posed enduring challenges to cementitious materials. As the main hydration product of cement, calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) plays important roles in the mechanical performance of cementitious materials while exhibiting random microstructures with pores and defects, which hinder mechanical enhancement. Inspired by the "brick-and-mortar" microstructure of natural nacre, this paper presents a method combining freeze casting, freeze-drying, in situ polymerization, and hot pressing to fabricate C–S–H nacre with high flexural strength, high toughness, and lightweight. Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) was used to disperse C–S–H and toughen C–S–H building blocks, which function as "bricks", while poly(methyl methacrylate) was impregnated as "mortar". The flexural strength, toughness, and density of C–S–H nacre reached 124 MPa, 5173 kJ/m3, and 0.98 g/cm3, respectively. The flexural strength and toughness of the C–S–H nacre are 18 and 1230 times higher than those of cement paste, respectively, with a 60% reduction in density, outperforming existing cementitious materials and natural nacre. This research establishes the relationship between material composition, fabrication process, microstructure, and mechanical performance, facilitating the design of high-performance C–S–H-based and cement-based composites for scalable engineering applications.