Intrinsic muscles of the foot: Anatomy, function, rehabilitation

The intrinsic muscles of the foot are underappreciated structures in evaluating and treating lower extremity dysfunction. These muscles play a crucial role in the proper function of the foot during sport activities. The functions of these muscles are not generally well understood. Intrinsic dysfunction can lead to a variety of problems. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to have a good understanding of the anatomy and function of the intrinsic foot muscles in order to properly diagnose and treat foot injuries in patients. Published research on the rehabilitation of the intrinsic muscles provides insight into the function as well as benefits of treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published research on the anatomy, function, contribution to pathology, as well as rehabilitation options for the intrinsic muscles of the foot.