β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) leads to phospholipase D2 (PLD2) activation and alters circadian rhythms in myotubes

HMB leads to the activation of PLD2 leading to the phosphorylation of P70S6K and S6, independent of AKT and mTOR. This, in turn, leads to a phase advance and high amplitude rhythms in clock gene and protein expression.