Optimal operation between electric power aggregator and electric vehicle based on Stackelberg game model

With the increasing scale of Electric Vehicles (EVs) connected to the grid, in order to achieve a win–win situation between the grid and Electric Vehicles, it is necessary to consider not only the impact of disordered charging and discharging on the grid load, but also the costs of both sides. This paper establishes an optimal operation model for Electric Vehicles in Electric Power Aggregators (EPAs) based on Stackelberg Game Model. EPA formulates appropriate charge and discharge prices and optimizes scheduling strategies as the upper leader. The lower follower EVs responds optimally to minimize costs. The IEEE33 node system is used to analyze the example, simulation results show that the model not only minimizes the cost of both sides, but also reduces the load power fluctuation due to the large number of Electric Vehicles connected to the grid, and reduces the peak–valley load difference.