Elemental Characterization of Indonesian Coral Skeleton Using Underwater Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

AbstractThe identification and determination of elements from the Indonesian coral skeleton are required to characterize anthropogenic activities. To this end, various spectroscopy methods were used for elemental analysis including underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results show that the LIBS was able identify the major elements Ca, Mg, and Sr. Using ICP-OES, all elements including major, minor, and trace elements were quantitatively determined. The results show that coral skeletons from Karimunjawa contain the highest concentrations of trace elements, which may be due to expanded human activities.Keywords: Coral skeletonelemental analysisinductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThis study was financially supported by Diponegoro University under the Program of Staff Exchange 2022 World Class University between Diponegoro University, Indonesia, and Kyoto University, Japan.