Growth promotion on maize and whole-genome sequence analysis of Bacillus velezensis D103

ABSTRACT Root-associated microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the Bacillus genus, play a crucial role in enhancing crop yield and health. In this study, a Bacillus strain was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of maize and identified as Bacillus velezensis D103. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of D103 as a PGPR. Laboratory tests demonstrated that D103 is capable of nitrogen fixation, inorganic phosphorus solubilization, potassium solubilization, and the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia, siderophores, amylase, protease, cellulase, β-1,3-glucanase, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Additionally, D103 exhibited swimming and swarming motility, biofilm formation, and an antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi. Genome mining identified genes associated with growth promotion and biocontrol activities. In a hydroponics experiment, maize plants treated with a D103 suspension at a cell density of 10 3 CFU·mL −1 resulted in the most pronounced showed significant growth stimulation, with shoot length and total root length increasing by 43% and 148%, respectively. These results support the potential of D103 as an effective PGPR for promoting maize crop growth. IMPORTANCE In this study, we assessed the capacity of D103 to promote plant growth and examined the effects of hydroponic experiments inoculated with this strain on the growth of maize seedlings. We sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of D103, identifying several genes and gene clusters associated with plant growth promotion and resistance to pathogenic fungi, thus revealing the plant growth-promoting mechanisms of this strain. The isolation and characterization of new strains with beneficial traits are essential for expanding microbial resources available for biofertilizer production. Collectively, these findings highlight the promising potential of Bacillus velezensis D103 as a biofertilizer for agricultural applications.