Unraveling the potential of blue foods: A comprehensive review on the extraction, bioactive properties, and applications of proteins and biopeptides from fish swim bladder

Fish swim bladder (FSB) protein possesses inherent health and nutritional value. Recent studies have shown that its pharmacological, biomedical, and nutritional benefits can be enhanced through extraction, purification and concentration processes. Additionally, research indicates that modifications such as cross-linking, decellularization, doping, glycation, and hydrolysis can further enhance the utility of FSB protein in various applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review on FSB protein products, focusing on modifications, functionalities, bioactivities, and mechanisms uncovered through various techniques, including in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and in silico methods. FSB protein and its products exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-aging, and others. While drying FSB to fish maw (FM) remains popular, recent trends, including producing FM-related products, enzymatic hydrolysis, extracting collagen and gelatin, and decellularization are rising. The results indicate the significant potential of FSB protein products as nutraceuticals, biomedicals, and therapeutics to alleviate health concerns. Clinical safety, the fate of ingested and absorbed compounds, nutrient-nutrient interactions, and changes in structure post-absorption are gaps that require further research.