The study of capacity fading processes of Li-ion batteries: major factors that play a role

In this work, we studied the impact of some factors on the behavior of practical electrodes of Li-ion batteries. These included elevated temperatures (45–80 8C), prolonged storage of Li-ion cells, and additives in the electrolyte solution. The Li-ion battery systems studied included negative electrodes (anodes) comprising of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) and mesocarbon fibers (MCF), and LixCoO2 positive electrodes (cathodes) in an ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl-methyl carbonate (EMC) (1:2)/LiPF6 1 M solution. Vinylene carbonate (VC) and a Li-organo-borate complex (Li-OBC) were tested as additives. It is shown that the electrochemical response of Li–C negative electrodes depends on the structure of the surface films controlling their behavior, which change upon storage, temperature, and cycling. We established that impedance of these electrodes increased with storage time due to the enrichment of the surface films by LiF and other fluorine-containing species. The capacity fading of the LixCoO2 electrodes in cycling/storage processes at elevated temperatures relates mostly to surface phenomena, whereas the bulk structural characteristics of the electrodes do not change. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.