Developmental endothelial locus‐1 promotes osteogenic differentiation and alveolar bone regeneration in experimental periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Objectives This study sought to explore the role of developmental endothelial locus‐1 (DEL‐1) in osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and investigate the therapeutic effect of DEL‐1 in ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Background T2DM is a significant risk factor for periodontitis. Treatment modalities for periodontitis with T2DM are being explored. DEL‐1 is a versatile protein that can modulate the different stages of inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. The direct effect of DEL‐1 on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in periodontitis with T2DM is poorly understood. Methods Primary hPDLSCs were isolated from periodontal ligament tissue and identified by flow cytometry. In osteogenesis experiments, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alizarin Red staining and western blot were used to assess the osteogenic effect of DEL‐1 on hPDLSCs in high glucose and inflammation environments. The mouse model of ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis was established. H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were used to assess the change of periodontal tissue after local periodontal injection of DEL‐1. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate osteogenic‐related protein expression. Results hPDLSCs expressed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐specific surface markers and were negative for hematopoietic cell surface markers. hPDLSCs had the potential for multidirectional differentiation. DEL‐1 could enhance the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in high glucose and inflammation environments, although it did not return to the control level. Histological staining showed that DEL‐1 contributed to alveolar bone regeneration and osteogenic‐related protein expression, but the degree of improvement in T2DM mice was lower than in non‐T2DM mice. Conclusions In summary, we demonstrated that DEL‐1 could promote osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in high glucose and inflammation environment and rescue alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis with T2DM, which could provide a novel therapeutic target for periodontitis with T2DM.