Measurement, Correlation, and Thermodynamic Properties of the Solubility of Bisphenol Z (BPZ) in Nine Mono and (Tetrahydrofuran + 1-Propanol) Binary Solvents

Bisphenol-Z is used as a high-performance monomer in the production of advanced engineering plastics, resins, polycarbonates, optical films, adhesives, coatings, polyesters, and other industrial applications. The gravimetric method was used to determine the solubility of bisphenol Z (BPZ) in nine monosolvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, acetone, 1,4-dioxane, ethyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran) and one binary solvent system (tetrahydrofuran + 1-propanol) under an atmospheric pressure (P = 0.1 MPa) over temperature ranges of 288.15–328.15 and 293.15–328.15 K, respectively. The mole fraction solubility of BPZ showed a positive effect of temperature in all mono solvent and binary solvent systems. In mono solvents, the highest mole fraction solubility was obtained in tetrahydrofuran (0.3082 at 328.15 K), and the lowest was in ethanol (0.0202 at 328.15 K); in binary solvent, the highest mole fraction solubility (0.3078) was obtained at 328.15 K with a 0.9 mole fraction of (tetrahydrofuran + 1-propanol), and the lowest solubility (0.1472) was with the 0.1 mole fraction. Recently, several widely recognized models, such as the modified Apelblat model, λh model, Wilson model, and nonrandom two-liquid model (NRTL) have been extensively employed to establish correlations between experimental mole fraction solubility in various solvents. In this study, we used these models to analyze and correlate the experimental solubility data. Additionally, the solubility data obtained from the experiment and model-fitted data were evaluated using relative average deviation (RAD) and root mean square deviation (RMSD). A low value for RMSD and RAD indicates a satisfactory outcome in terms of the correlation between the experimental and model solubility data. Lastly, the mixing thermodynamic parameters of solutions, such as mixing Gibbs free energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, and activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration, were obtained by the correlation results of the Wilson model. The dissolution process was found to be spontaneous and exothermic.