Association of carbohydrate intake from different sources with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among chronic kidney disease populations: assessment of 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participation

AbstractThis study analysed the data from the NHANES (1999–2018) to examine how different sources of carbohydrate intake affected the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of 11,302 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The data were adjusted for other factors using various methods. The results showed that CKD patients (stages 1-2 and 3-5) who consumed more carbohydrates from whole grains, fruits, vegetables and less carbohydrates from fruit juice or sauces had lower mortality rates. Replacing fat intake with carbohydrates from whole grains (HR = 0.86[0.78–0.95]), fruits (raw) (HR = 0.79[0.70–0.88]) and non-starchy vegetables (HR = 0.82[0.70–0.96]), but not protein intake, was linked to lower all-cause mortality. The fibre content in carbohydrates might partly account for the benefits of selected carbohydrate intake. This study provided practical recommendations for optimising the carbohydrate sources in CKD patients.Keywords: Carbohydrate intakechronic kidney diseaseall-cause mortalitycardiovascular mortalityfibre Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementData described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will be made available upon request pending application and approval.Correction StatementThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation of China. (No. 82374406), the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (CACM-2021-QNRC2-B30), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/Guangzhou City (2021A1515011457 and 202102020269), Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (202206080015), and National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. [2018]131), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine’s Youth Elite Talents Cultivation “List Unveiling and Leadership” Team Project.