Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives This review aims to assess the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury (SCI). Materials and Methods A systematic search was conducted of seven electronic data bases from inception to Dec 31, 2022, to identify randomized controlled trials that studied TENS for neurogenic bladder after SCI. The primary outcomes were maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) and residual urine volume (RUV). Secondary outcomes included maximum detrusor pressure, flow rate, and bladder diary. Random effects models were used in all analyses. Results Eleven trials involving 881 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that TENS in addition to conventional treatment had larger MCC (mean difference [MD] 50.55 ml, 95% CI 27.81–73.29, p<0.0001) and lower RUV (MD −22.96 ml, 95% CI −33.45 to −12.47, p<0.0001) than did conventional treatment only. Compared with magnetic stimulation, no differences were observed with TENS for MCC (MD −14.49 ml, 95% CI −48.97 to 19.98, p = 0.41) and RUV (MD 25 ml, 95% CI −61.79 to 111.79, p = 0.57). There also were no differences in MCC (MD −7.2 ml, 95% CI −14.56 to 0.16, p = 0.06) and (MD −5.2 ml, 95% CI −60.00 to 49.60, p = 0.851) when compared with solifenacin succinate and pelvic floor biofeedback, respectively. Conclusions TENS may be an effective treatment option for neurogenic bladder after SCI.