Analysis of the lithium-ion batteries resistance hysteresis phenomenon

In recent years, lithium-ion batteries are broadly employed in a lot of different applications. In both high-power and high-energy applications, the onboard estimation of the internal parameters, such as capacity and internal resistance, is of paramount importance. In particular, the battery internal resistance limits the power that the battery can deliver affecting, also, the overall efficiency. The battery resistance changes under different conditions such as temperature, state of charge, and aging. In the literature, these dependencies have widely been analyzed and it has also been studied that the battery shows a different resistance during charge and discharge phases. Nevertheless, there is no evidence in the technical literature of the analysis of a hysteresis phenomenon interesting the battery resistance. The experimental campaign performed by the authors and reported in this paper shows, for the first time, that the lithium-ion battery resistance is affected by a hysteresis phenomenon as it happens to the open circuit voltage. Moreover, in this paper, the effect of the temperature on the battery resistance hysteresis is analyzed too.