Near-infrared manipulation of temperature-sensitive ion channel through photothermal nanotransducer brightens in vivo photomedicine

Precisely regulating temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential ion channels (Thermo-TRPs) status and spatiotemporally balancing the pertinent dynamic processes are important to understanding the biochemical ramifications of TRPs for physiological functions, and providing insights into future disease therapy. So far, the manipulation strategies for remote control of Thermo-TRPs through chemical perturbation and genetic engineering have promoted basic biomedical research and achieved unprecedented theranostic outcomes. Despite the promising achievements, these approaches face some inevitable challenges (invasiveness, irreversibility, and low spatiotemporal resolution) in practice, especially for clinical applications. The emerging optical control technology uses near-infrared (NIR) photothermal nanomaterials as energy transducers that can serve as alternative platforms for the noninvasive and deep-tissue operation of TRPs. Such a nanotransducer-mediated manipulating strategy enables effective Thermo-TRPs activation either in a single cell or in living animals, showing minimal toxicity and favorable feasibility for biomedical studies. With the rising trend of photo-controlled TRPs, this review specifically focuses on the recent developments in precise Thermo-TRPs modulation using NIR photothermal nanotransducers. We begin with a brief introduction to the biological classification and gating mechanisms of the Thermo-TRPs family, followed by a discussion of the different types and properties of photothermal materials. In addition, current advancements in Thermo-TRPs regulation with photothermal nanotransducers for neuronal activation and diseases therapy are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities to push NIR manipulation of Thermo-TRPs for future clinical investigations are presented.