Perceived costs and benefits of companion dog keeping based on a convenience sample of dog owners

The increasing trend of dog ownership is often linked to its perceived benefits for human physical and mental well-being. However, the psychological and practical demands of caring for a dog can significantly impact the owner's quality of life and the long-term success of the dog-owner relationship. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of both the advantages and disadvantages of dog ownership, as perceived by a convenience sample of Hungarian dog owners (N = 246), who were assumed to be generally satisfied with their dogs. The study employed both quantitative (a Cost/Benefit scale consisting of 33 neutrally-phrased statements rated on a seven-point scale, from − 3 to + 3) and qualitative methods (two open-ended questions). Quantitative results showed that owners rated the short lifespan of dogs as the most negative aspect, while the belief that dogs brighten their lives was rated most positively. On average, positive statements were rated significantly higher (2.06) than negative ones (−0.66), supporting the prediction from social exchange theory that dog owners in a voluntary sample tend to perceive more advantages than disadvantages in dog ownership. Qualitative findings revealed six 'benefit' and three 'cost' themes. 61% of owners considered the meaningful relationship with their dog as the greatest benefit, frequently mentioning the dog's constant presence, love, and support. Additionally, 15% highlighted the relationship with another species and the dog's intrinsic qualities, indicating the biophilia effect of dog ownership. Regarding the costs, 95% of respondents identified financial, particularly health-related expenses, as the most significant drawback, and only 4–5% mentioned emotional or practical burdens. In the quantitative data, principal component analysis revealed three core components of the dog ownership experience: (1) emotional, physical, and social benefits, (2) negative emotions and practical challenges, and (3) time and emotional commitment. Overall, the results suggest clear costs and benefits, though some aspects, such as daily care, holiday arrangements, and training, were seen as both beneficial and disadvantageous, depending on the owner. Even within a convenience sample, the diversity in dog and owner characteristics was sufficient to explain why certain facets of dog ownership are experienced differently.