MicroRNAs in Preeclampsia: Bridging Diagnosis and Treatment

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multifactorial hypertensive disorder that typically manifests after the twentieth week of pregnancy, significantly impacting perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity. Its development is influenced by immunological components, systemic inflammation, and genetic factors, with placental malfunction playing a crucial role. While many aspects of its pathophysiology have been elucidated, its key mechanisms remain incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PE. Dysregulated miRNAs have been identified in pregnant PE patients, highlighting their role in disease onset. Placenta-specific miRNAs, such as miR-210 and miR-155, influence inflammation, endothelial function, and hypoxia responses, which are closely associated with PE development. These miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating trophoblast invasion, angiogenesis, and immune modulation, further linking their dysregulation to the pathophysiology of PE. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of miRNAs in PE, focusing on their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By integrating recent advancements in molecular research, we explore their implications in clinical practice, particularly in risk assessment, early detection, and novel treatment strategies.