Plant terrestrialization: an environmental pull on the evolution of multi-sourced streptophyte phenolics

Phenolic compounds of land plants are varied: they are chemodiverse, are sourced from different biosynthetic routes and fulfil a broad spectrum of functions that range from signalling phytohormones, to protective shields against stressors, to structural compounds. Their action defines the biology of land plants as we know it. Often, their roles are tied to environmental responses that, however, impacted already the algal progenitors of land plants, streptophyte algae. Indeed, many streptophyte algae successfully dwell in terrestrial habitats and have homologues for enzymatic routes for the production of important phenolic compounds, such as the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, we synthesize what is known about the production of specialized phenolic compounds across hundreds of millions of years of streptophyte evolution. We propose an evolutionary scenario in which selective pressures borne out of environmental cues shaped the chemodiversity of phenolics in streptophytes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of plant metabolism’.