SHISA3 Reprograms Tumor‐Associated Macrophages Toward an Antitumoral Phenotype and Enhances Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract The main challenge for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy lies in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Repolarizing M2‐like tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) into inflammatory M1 phenotype is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Here, this study shows that the tumor suppressive protein SHISA3 regulates the antitumor functions of TAMs. Local delivery of mRNA encoding Shisa3 enables cancer immunotherapy by reprogramming TAMs toward an antitumoral phenotype, thus enhancing the efficacy of programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) antibody. Enforced expression of Shisa3 in TAMs increases their phagocytosis and antigen presentation abilities and promotes CD8 + T cell‐mediated antitumor immunity. The expression of SHISA3 is induced by damage/pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) in macrophages via nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) transcription factors. Reciprocally, SHISA3 forms a complex with heat shock protein family A member 8 (HSPA8) to activate NF‐κB signaling thus maintaining M1 polarization of macrophages. Knockout Shisa3 largely abolishes the antitumor efficacy of combination immunotherapy with Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and PD‐1 antibody. It further found that higher expression of SHISA3 in antitumoral TAMs is associated with better overall survival in lung cancer patients. Taken together, the findings describe the role of SHISA3 in reprogramming TAMs that ameliorate cancer immunotherapy.