Early detection of hypo/hyperglycemia using microneedles electrode array-based biosensor for glucose ultrasensitive monitoring in interstitial fluid

Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease with a wide range of clinical symptoms and consequences and one of the main causes of death. For the management of diabetes, painless and continuous interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring is ideal. Here, we demonstrate continuous diabetes monitoring using an integrated microneedle (MN) biosensor with an emergency alert system. MNs are a novel technique in the field of biomedical engineering because of their ability to analyze bioinformation with minimal invasion. In this work we developed a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based MN glucose sensor. The device was produced by the 3D printing technique, microfabrication, electrodeposition, and enzyme immobilization step. The