Biomaterial-induced macrophage polarization for bone regeneration

As the main target cells of immune regulation, macrophages play an important role in the bone regeneration process. Macrophages can be polarized into the M1 and M2 types under the stimulation of different factors. They have proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively, and play key roles in different stages of bone regeneration. The ratio of M1 to M2 macrophages can be regulated by immunomodulatory biomaterials to promote bone repair and regeneration. In this paper, we review the recent literature on the chemical, physical and biological properties of biomaterials and the regulation of macrophage polarization under the influence of other factors. We also cover new methods for preparing immunomodulatory biomaterials for bone regeneration. This paper will provide new design ideas for the development of biomaterials with immunological properties and will support the clinical translation of bone-related medical biomaterials.