Global herpes zoster burden in adults with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Asthma is a common respiratory disease, which may be associated with an increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ), often a debilitating disease associated with severe pain. This was the first systematic review with the objective of summarizing evidence on HZ burden in adults with asthma. Methods A global systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-analysis was conducted (Medline and Embase, 2003–2024), on HZ burden (incidence, risk, complications) in adults (≥18 years) with asthma. Results There were 19 studies included on HZ outcomes in adults with asthma. Pooled HZ incidence per 1000 person-years was 5.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.68–6.96) in ≥18-year-olds (4.20 [3.09–5.70] in <60-year-olds versus 10.33 [9.17–11.64] in ≥60-year-olds). The pooled rate ratio for developing HZ was 1.23 [1.11–1.35] in ≥18-year-olds, and 1.36 [1.15–1.61] in ≥50-year-olds. The risk of HZ was higher in people with asthma using systemic corticosteroids; long-acting beta-agonists plus inhaled corticosteroids; and “add-on therapy”. Asthma was also associated with an increased risk of post-herpetic neuralgia (odds ratio, OR 1.21 [1.06–1.37]) and HZ ophthalmicus (OR 1.9 [1.1–3.2]). Differences in study design, setting, case definitions, and follow-up durations led to heterogeneity. Conclusions This SLR and meta-analysis found that adults with asthma have an increased risk of HZ, with higher risks in older age groups, and in those on certain treatments, such as oral corticosteroids. HZ vaccines are available for adults, including those with comorbidities such as asthma, and can be considered as part of integrated respiratory care.