Deep soil water deficit causes Populus simonii Carr degradation in the three north shelterbelt region of China

• As Populus simonii Carr degradation, the shallow layer SWC recovery, the deep layer SWC was difficult to recover and DSL gradually developed. • Deep soil water deficit cause Populus simonii Carr degradation due to coarser soils and increased bulk density. • Light degradation is adjustment of soil water in response to drought stress, moderate degradation was the sign of DSL formation. Large-scale afforestation exacerbates soil water scarcity in a semiarid region of northern China, causing the formation of a dried soil layer (DSL) and ecosystem degradation, and overmature Populus simonii Carr (>30 years) degradation in the Three North Shelterbelt Program (TNSP) area has recently been observed. Determining the relationship between degraded Populus simonii Carr and soil water deficit is essential for afforestation in semiarid regions. We monitored soil water content (SWC) to a 160 cm depth in an area with five degradation degrees (healthy, light degradation, moderate degradation, severe degradation, and dead) to investigate soil water dynamics and DSL characteristics from May 2018 to December 2021 . The results showed that: compared with that of healthy Populus simonii Carr (94.7 ± 26.2 mm), the shallow layer (0–80 cm) soil water storage of severely degraded (114.1 ± 29.9 mm) and dead Populus simonii Carr (128.0 ± 35.7 mm) was restored by 19.4 mm and 33.3 mm, respectively. However, the deep-layer (80–160 cm) SWC was difficult to recover and a DSL gradually developed, the DSL − SWC was only 9.3–11.95 %. The deep-layer relative extractable soil water (REW) of healthy Populus simonii Carr was significantly higher than that of moderately degraded, severely degraded, and dead Populus simonii Carr (P < 0.05). The deep-layer SWC decreased with increasing degradation due to coarser soils and increased BD. A greater bulk density (BD) and higher sand proportion reduced the soil water holding capacity. Poor site conditions reduced the resistance of shelterbelts, causing the degradation and mortality of Populus simonii Carr during drought. Therefore, our results improve the understanding of the soil water dynamics and degradation mechanism of Populus simonii Carr , providing a theoretical basis for managing and maintaining the TNSP.