1D, 2D, and 3D scaffolds promoting angiogenesis for enhanced wound healing

The formation of blood vessels, also known as angiogenesis, is important for skin wound healing. To accelerate this process, many technologies have emerged in the field of tissue engineering. Although the principles of these technologies are not the same, they all utilize tissue engineering scaffolds to promote the process of angiogenesis during wound repair. Based on the different forms of these stents, they can be classified as one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. This review article briefly introduces the manufacturing technologies of these three types of scaffolds and selects one representative technology in each dimension. Specifically, electrospinning technology was selected as the representative of 1D, layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technology was selected as the representative of 2D, and 3D bioprinting technology was used as the representative of 3D stent manufacturing technology. Each chapter introduces its principles and reviews the application of these technologies in the field of skin wound repair over the past 5–10 years, especially those that promote angiogenesis. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies have been analyzed, and opportunities for application of these technologies in the future, in addition to challenges that require attention, have been described.