Crown gall plant tumors of abnormal morphology, induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying mutated octopine Ti plasmids; analysis of T-DNA functions

Ti plasmid mutants derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Ach5 that induce tumors of abnormal morphology have been analyzed. On tobacco, A. tumefaciens mutant strain LBA4060 induces tumors that specifically give rise to shoots. Shoots continue to grow from in vitro cultured bacteria-free tumor tissue derived from such tumors. The mutant character is shown to be correlated with the insertion of an A. tumefaciens IS element, IS60, into the left arm of the T-region of the octopine Ti plasmid. Evidence is presented showing that IS60 is transferred into the plant cell DNA as part of the T-DNA. A second Ti plasmid insertion mutant A. tumefaciens strain LBA4210, with a Tn904 transposon in the center of the T-region, induces tumors that specifically exhibit a root development on tobacco plants. T-DNA has been detected in sterile amorphous crown-gall tissue derived from these tumors. The transposon Tn904 insertion was shown to result a changed "core" T-DNA. Abnormal tumor morphologies induced by these mutant strains have been observed also on Kalanchoë stems. On tomato plants the mutants induce small unorganized tumors while on Nicotiana rustica unorganized tumors, nearly equal in size to those caused by the wild-type strain have been induced. LBA4060 was shown to be avirulent on Kalanchoë leaves and LBA4210 was weakly virulent. Infection of Kalanchoë leaves or tomato plants with a mixture of separately grown cultures of both mutants resulted in the formation of more or less normal tumors. The exposure of a tomato plant to naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, during development of tumors induced by LBA4060 stimulated tumor formation. Tumor growth induced by LBA4210 was found to be stimulated by kinetin.