Sexual conflict in protandrous flowers and the evolution of gynodioecy*

EvolutionVolume 75, Issue 2 p. 278-293 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sexual conflict in protandrous flowers and the evolution of gynodioecy* Hao Wang, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSpencer C.H. Barrett, orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-3455 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorXue-Yan Li, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYang Niu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2563-3333 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuan-Wen Duan, orcid.org/0000-0002-8399-5116 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhi-Qiang Zhang, Corresponding Author zq.zhang@ynu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-3481 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China E-mail: zq.zhang@ynu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorQing-Jun Li, orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-7722 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Hao Wang, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSpencer C.H. Barrett, orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-3455 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorXue-Yan Li, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYang Niu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2563-3333 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuan-Wen Duan, orcid.org/0000-0002-8399-5116 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhi-Qiang Zhang, Corresponding Author zq.zhang@ynu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-3481 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China E-mail: zq.zhang@ynu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorQing-Jun Li, orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-7722 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 October 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14113Citations: 1 † *This article corresponds to Jeanne T. 2020. Digest: Sexual conflict as a novel hypothesis for the evolution of gynodioecy. Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14161 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Sexual interference between male and female function in hermaphrodite plants is reduced by protandry. In environments with insufficient pollinator service, prolongation of male function owing to limited pollen removal could restrict the duration of female function and lower seed production. We provide evidence that this form of sexual conflict has played a role in the spread of females in gynodioecious populations of Cyananthus delavayi in the pollen-limited environments in which this subalpine species occurs. Using field experiments involving artificial pollen removal from the strongly protandrous flowers of hermaphrodites, we demonstrated a trade-off between male- and female-phase duration with no influence on overall floral longevity. Pollen removal at the beginning of anthesis resulted in hermaphrodite seed production matching that of females. In contrast, restricted pollen removal increased the duration of male function at the expense of female function lowering maternal fertility compared to females. This pattern was evident in five populations with females experiencing a twofold average seed fertility advantage compared to hermaphrodites. Gynodioecy often appears to evolve from protandrous ancestors and pollen limitation is widespread in flowering plants suggesting that sexual conflict may play an unappreciated role in the evolution of this form of sexual dimorphism. Citing Literature Supporting Information Filename Description evo14113-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx521.3 KB Table S1. (a) Total flower number per plant (Mean ± 1SE) between hermaphrodites and females in natural populations of Cyananthus delavayi. Table S1. (b) Results of generalized linear model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution and link-logit function to test whether total flower number per plant differs significantly between hermaphrodite and female plants in six populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S2. Ovule number per flower of hermaphrodite and female plants in four populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S3. (a) Evidence for the low frequency of insect visits to hermaphrodite (H) and female (F) flowers of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi in three natural populations. Table S3. (b) GLM examining the effects of sex type, population and pollinator type on insect visitation in three populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S4. (a) The number (mean ±1SE) of open-pollinated and supplemental-pollinated flowers per female and hermaphrodite plants in two populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S4. (b) GLM examining the effects of sex type and population on pollen limitation index in two populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S5. Two-way ANOVA examining the effects of experimental treatment (0%, 50%, 100% pollen removal) on the total floral longevity of unpollinated and bagged, hermaphrodite flowers in three populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Table S6. The number of hermaphrodite flowers that were visited on each plant (Mean ± 1SE) per foraging bout by pollinators in three natural populations of Cyananthus delavayi. Figure S1. The location of the five populations of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi in the vicinity of Shangri-La city, Hengduan Mountains, SW China that were investigated in this study. Figure S2. Estimate of stigma receptivity based on the percent of stigmas each day that produced bubbles after hydrogen peroxide treatment for female and hermaphrodite flowers in populations CV (2020) of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Figure S3. Floral duration of open-pollinated and bagged flowers in populations BG (2016 and 2017) and CV (2017) of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Figure S4. Male-phase (top) and female-phase (bottom) duration of hermaphroditic flowers in populations BG (2016 and 2017) and CV (2017) of gynodioecious Cyananthus delavayi. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume75, Issue2February 2021Pages 278-293 RelatedInformation