Functional mechanisms and abnormalities of the nuclear lamina.

Alterations in nuclear shape are present in human diseases and ageing. A compromised nuclear lamina is molecularly interlinked to altered chromatin functions and genomic instability. Whether these alterations are a cause or a consequence of the pathological state are important questions in biology. Here, we summarize the roles of nuclear envelope components in chromatin organization, phase separation and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Examining these functions in healthy backgrounds will guide us towards a better understanding of pathological alterations. Karoutas and Akhtar review the roles of the nuclear lamina in chromatin-related functions, including transcription, epigenetic regulation and chromatin architecture, and their abnormalities in diseases and ageing.