Recent developments in the passive and hybrid thermal management techniques of lithium-ion batteries

The main obstacle in the transition from petrol/diesel vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is the performance of power battery. The widely used lithium-ion battery is highly sensitive to the temperature, which affects the performance, lifespan, and safety of the battery. Hence, the proper battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary with EVs. BTMS can reduce the negative influence of the temperature by decreasing the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference inside the battery. This article reviews various battery thermal management systems and categorized as active and passive systems. The major focus of the review is on passive BTMS using phase change material (PCM) and heat pipe. The results show that PCM and heat pipe based BTMS can provide better thermal management without any power consumption. Further, the hybrid BTMS with the combination of active/passive is presented, and the research results show that hybrid BTMS can provide better thermal management compared to single BTMS. The BTMS is statistically reviewed in terms of maximum battery temperature and temperature difference, and percentage improvement using BTMS is also provided. This article provides direction towards the development of practical and economic BTMS for with limited power consumption, volume, and weight constraints.