Sulfonic and phosphonic porous solids as proton conductors

Over the past decades, solid-state ordered porous materials (SSOPMs), including newly-emerging metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and traditional zeolites, have attracted broad attention because of the large and tuneable pore sizes and surfaces, which provide a diversity of scientific and technological applications, such as adsorption, catalysis, sensing, electrochemistry, and proton conduction. This review focuses on recent progress of sulfonic and phosphonic SSOPMs as proton conductors whose performances are discussed from structural views, and their proton-conducting properties, SSOPMs-based proton-conducting membranes section, and fuel cells section are also highlighted. Meanwhile, the general strategies in designing SSOPMs-based proton-conducting materials are summarized, and the future perspectives of this promising research are provided.