Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: a Paradigm Shift in Biofuel Synthesis and Processing for a Sustainable Energy Future

The increased demand for energy has driven researchers to concentrate on generating secure energy sources for humanity. One advantage of inventing a biological and chemical way to generate green and efficient electrical energy is that it eliminates dependency on soon-to-extinct fossil fuels. Biofuels are one of many emerging sectors that are receiving major attention, all of which are alternative fuels. Carbon-based nanomaterials, due to their larger surface area, affordability, and ability to withstand high temperatures, have been engineered to serve as efficient electrocatalysts without the need for metals. These nanomaterials can also provide a stable structure for metal-based electrocatalysts, enabling the conversion of biofuels into environmentally friendly energy sources. Thus, biofuel synthesis is "greener" using its catalyst. Graphite, carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanohorns, and nanorods can be used to construct and build a wide range of biofuels. This review gives insight into how carbon-based nanomaterials are used across all different stages of biofuel production, along with corresponding issues and possibilities. Moreover, it emphasizes the utilization of diverse carbon-based nanomaterials and nano-biocatalysts to enhance biofuel production by increasing its yield. Given its many possible uses, the research in concern exhibits a seemingly indefinite scope.