Analysis of the phytoremediation potential, rice safety, and economic benefits of light to moderate Cd-contaminated farmland in oilseed rape-rice rotation with straw removal: A three-year field trial

Under the dual pressures of food security and soil cadmium (Cd) pollution in China, the use of an oilseed rape-rice rotation system and phytoremediation has been proposed as an effective measure to extract heavy metals from soil, achieve safe rice production, and alleviate soil heavy metal stress. A three-year field rotation experiment by straw removal was conducted in light to moderate Cd-contaminated soil in Hunan, China. The experiment involved rotating two oilseed rape varieties, LSYH and ZYZ, with two rice varieties, the low-accumulation variety XWX and the high-accumulation variety TYHZ. The structural equation model (SEM) indicated that the correlation coefficients of total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) with CaCl