Theobroma genus: Exploring the therapeutic potential of T. grandiflorum and T. bicolor in biomedicine

The Amazon rainforest hosts a plethora of fruit-bearing plants, yet many remain untapped for commercial purposes. Among these, Theobroma genus stands out for its unique characteristics deeply rooted in culinary and traditional medicinal practices, significantly contributing to Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage. Particularly, T. cacao, the most renowned species, exhibits versatile applications owing to its health benefits, with distinct groups influencing cocoa quality. Similarly, T. bicolor, thriving in humid regions, has undergone domestication to yield pulp and seeds valuable in food and cosmetic industries. Meanwhile, T. grandiflorum, found across tropical regions of Central and South America, presents unique sensory profiles and fruit characteristics, making it a significant player in Amazonian agriculture. This review primarily aims to offer insights into the therapeutic potential of T. grandiflorum and T. bicolor, with comparisons to T. cacao, revealing a notable increase in publications concerning the physico-chemical and biological properties of these species in recent years. Specifically, the review examines their chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and methodologies for determination, with a focus on biological evaluations encompassing enzymatic, cellular, and animal tests, thereby shedding light on the medicinal properties of these species. Finally, future research perspectives, emphasising the utilisation of waste biomass and further exploration of these invaluable Amazonian resources, have been discussed.