Global Burden of Gallbladder Cancer Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly lethal and often overlooked malignancy increasingly affecting young adults. This study quantified the global proportion of GBC cases attributable to 10 key modifiable risk factors, employing Monte Carlo simulations and estimates from field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis. Approximately three-quarters of global GBC cases are attributable to key modifiable factors (74.6%; 95% uncertainty interval, 63.7-83.7), with a slightly higher share observed in females. Central obesity (29.7%; 8.7-49.5), gallstones (27.9%; 16.8-40.7), and physical inactivity (20.5%; 7.4-34.1) were identified as the leading contributors. Most GBC cases are preventable, with a large share linked to metabolic health conditions.