GLI1-Altered Soft Tissue Tumor in the Tongue—A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Soft tissue tumors with fusions or amplifications of the GLI1 gene have distinctive molecular characteristics and have recently been considered a unique pathological entity, thus named “ GLI1-altered soft tissue tumors.” It is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm that involves soft tissues at any site. Case presentation: We report an example of this condition in a 13-year-old Chinese male patient who presented with a mass in the tongue. The tumor was multilobulated; the tumor cells were arranged in nests and sheets, had a rich, delicate fibrovascular network, and were separated by a hyalinized fibrous stroma. The tumor cells were epithelioid to ovoid, with variable eosinophilic to pale vacuolated cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei. Immunostaining revealed that the tumor cells were positive for CDK4 and CD56. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for GLI1 translocation was positive, with a high level of amplification of the translocated segment. Literature review: We present a comprehensive literature review of this condition, focusing on its clinical presentation, histological features, immunohistochemical profile, molecular characteristics, and prognosis.