Identifying the spatial relationships and drivers of ecosystem service supply–demand matching: A case of Yiluo River Basin

Identifying the spatial patterns and driving factors of ecosystem service supply–demand help to regulate and optimize the river basin's ecosystem services' supply–demand, which is quite important for protection of natural areas and green development in China. The supply–demand of water yield services (WY), food production services (FP), carbon sequestration services (CS), and soil retention services (SR) in Yiluo River Basin for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 were quantified using a variety of models, including the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST), the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), ArcGIS, and Canoco5. Additionally, the features of their spatial–temporal distributions were identified. The results were combined with a redundancy analysis (RDA) to identify the drivers of ecosystem services' supply/demand ratios in three different years. There were four main findings. (1) From 2000 to 2020, the Yiluo River Basin's supply of WY and SR showed a declining trend, while the supply of FP and CS showed an increasing trend. In the Yiluo River Basin, there was a rising tendency in the demand for CS and a decreasing trend for WY, FP, and SR. (2) Whereas the supply/demand ratio for WY and CS showed a declining trend, the ratio for FP and SR showed an increasing trend. In the Yiluo River Basin, high-high aggregation regions (high supply-high demand) dominated supply–demand relationship for four ecosystem services. (3) The main drivers of the four ecosystem services' supply/demand ratios were population density and forest land. Population density had both positive and negative effects on the supply/demand ratio for WY and SR; however, there were only negative effects on the supply/demand ratio of FP and CS. Forest land had a positive effect on the four ecosystem services' supply/demand ratios. (4) According to the principles of clustering of ecosystem service supply–demand ratios and main driving factors, the Yiluo River Basin is divided into two first-level subzones of the upper and middle portions of Yiluo River Ecological Stability Zone and the middle and lower reaches of Yiluo River Ecological Reserve Zone, and four second-level subzones of Ecological Precautionary Reserve, Ecological Construction Zone, Integrated Management Zone, and Population Control Zone. characterizedWe put forward practicable development measures based on the characteristics of the subzones for balancing the supply/demand of the basin's ecosystem services.