Hierarchical porous biochar from kelp: Insight into self-template effect and highly efficient removal of methylene blue from water

Biochar is known to efficiently remove dyes especially for biochar with hierarchical pores and partial N-species. Here, a facile pyrolysis is used to yield N-doped biochar from kelp without additives, showing surface areas of 771 m2/g as temperature up to 1000 °C and hierarchical small-sized mesopores (2–4 nm) and wide meso-macropores (8–60 nm). A possible self-template mechanism from inorganics is proposed to form hierarchical pore architecture in biochar and used for methylene blue (MB) removal. Biochar pyrolyzed at 1000 °C is found to be efficient for MB removal with uptake of 379.8 mg/g under ambient conditions, one of the largest ever recorded uptakes for other biochar without activation, owing to synergistic effects of high surface areas, mesopores, and graphitized N-species. These results confirm that a facile pyrolysis for transformation of kelp into efficient dyes adsorbent is a cost-effective process for economic and environmental protection.