COLUBRID SNAKES AND DUVERNOY'S “VENOM” GLANDS

One of the largest groups of snakes is the family Colubridae. This is a paraphyletic assemblage that includes a few venomous species, but most pose no special health risk to humans. Thirty to forty percent of colubrids possess a Duvernoy's gland, a specialized oral gland located in the temporal region. Although it is a homologue to the venom glands of viperid and elapid snakes, the Duvernoy's gland is anatomically and functionally distinct. Generally it lacks a large internal reservoir of secretion, emptying is under low-pressure flow, and the secretion is not delivered via hollow fangs. In contrast, true venom glands hold a large store of ready venom, expel the venom under direct action of striated muscles, and inject it as a high-pressure pulse via hollow fangs. Both the Duvernoy's gland and the venom gland are part of a snake's trophic system, involved primarily in predatory behavior. True venoms are composed of potent toxins whose main biological role is to bring about rapid prey death. Although the secretion from the Duvernoy's gland may include toxins, surprisingly only a few colubrids deploy it similarly to kill prey quickly. In fact, the biological role(s) of Duvernoy's secretion remain today largely unknown. Therefore, it is misleading, in a functional and evolutionary context, automatically to call Duvernoy's secretion a venom (biological role) when only its pharmacology (property) is known. Although Duvernoy's secretion has some components in common with true venoms, some may be fundamentally different in chemical composition, likely because it is involved in different biological roles than a true venom. This means it likely includes novel chemical components with a promise of interest to human medicine.