Continuously Operating 4He Evaporation Refrigerator

A simple and compact device was developed to provide continuous, self-regulating refrigeration at approximately 1.3 K. The temperature of the device remains nearly constant, independent of external power, up to a critical power. For a molar flow rate of 10−4 moles/sec, the refrigerator can absorb 4.5 mW. Such a refrigerator should be suitable for condensing 3He in a 3He–4He dilution refrigerator.