Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers for modulating immune responses

Immunotherapy has become an increasingly important area in the medical field at present. As it is often difficult for synthetic carriers to overcome regulatory hurdles for clinical translation, bionic cell-derived carriers are attracting considerable interest due to their better biocompatibility and lower toxicity. Moreover, biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers may achieve different specific biological effects due to the benefit from their host attributes. In this review, we introduce the technologies that are under extensive investigation, including extracellular vesicle-based formulation technology and cell membrane coating technology, summarize various applications that have been developed based on these technologies for modulating immune responses, and briefly discuss the future perspectives of this field. With a better understanding of these biomimetic technologies, in conjunction with the current advanced biotechnology methods, we expect that the continuing development of biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers will promote their clinical applications.