Oppositely Charged Ti3C2Tx MXene Membranes with 2D Nanofluidic Channels for Osmotic Energy Harvesting

Membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) is considered as the most promising technique to harvest osmotic energy. However, the traditional membranes are limited by high internal resistance and low efficiency, resulting in undesirable power densities. Herein, we report the combination of oppositely charged Ti₃ C₂ T_x MXene membranes (MXMs) with confined 2D nanofluidic channels as high-performance osmotic power generators. The negatively or positively charged 2D MXene nanochannels exhibit typical surface-charge-governed ion transport and show excellent cation or anion selectivity. By mixing the artificial sea water (0.5 m NaCl) and river water (0.01 m NaCl), we obtain a maximum power density of ca. 4.6 Wm^-2 , higher than most of the state-of-the-art membrane-based osmotic power generators, and very close to the commercialization benchmark (5 Wm^-2 ). Through connecting ten tandem MXM-RED stacks, the output voltage can reach up 1.66 V, which can directly power the electronic devices.